How a seahorse dad is like a pregnant woman | Science News (2024)

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How a seahorse dad is like a pregnant woman | Science News (1)

By Sarah Zielinski

Seahorses aren’t odd simply for their horselike shape. They (and their syngnathid fish kin, seadragons and pipefish) are the only vertebrates in which the males take on the burden of pregnancy. You might think that since having pregnant guys is really weird, some keen scientists would have figured everything out about the phenomenon. But a lot of questions remain, in part because it doesn’t look the same in all species. In some, the seahorse brood pouch — the male alternative to the uterus — serves as a simple site for fertilized eggs to attach while they develop. In others, the eggs, after mom deposits them in the brood pouch, are fully enclosed and protected from the outside world.

The big-belly seahorse(Hippocampus abdominalis) is at the far end of that spectrum, with the most complex type of seahorse pregnancy. To get a better picture of what is going on during this period of seahorse life, Camilla Whittington of the University of Sydney and colleagues analyzed gene expression (the patterns of genes turned on and off) in the big-belly seahorse during conception, egg development and birth. They found several commonalities linking the seahorse, reptiles that give live birth and us. The study appeared September 1 in Molecular Biology and Evolution.

A male seahorse becomes pregnant when a female transfers her eggs into his pouch, where they are fertilized. (It’s a clever system for males that ensures that they are taking care of their own kids.) The pouch has to undergo some restructuring, such as growing bigger, to accommodate and protect the eggs, and there are changes in genes that regulate cell growth, proliferation and death, Whittington and her colleagues found.

How a seahorse dad is like a pregnant woman | Science News (2)

Seahorse embryos can develop outside a brood pouch, but they don’t develop as well and fewer make it to adulthood. Some scientists had hypothesized that seahorse dads must supplement their kids’ diets, and the gene data appear to support that idea. Genes associated with nutrient transport turn on in the brood pouch during seahorse pregnancy. Whittington’s team suggests that these nutrients may be similar to the “uterine milk” that some female sharks and rays make. Such milk from dad would supplement the yolk provided by mom in the eggs. It could also help digest mother-provided nutrients to make them easier for the embryos to use.

When a male seahorse isn’t pregnant, his brood pouch is open to the environment. But it seals up when the eggs arrive, creating a great place for bacteria or other pathogens to proliferate. Presumably to deal with this threat, changes occur in immune function during male pregnancy, with genes for bacterial resistance, pathogen recognition and antifungal activity turning up. And after the big day arrives and the kids are born, genes for tissue repair and remodeling(when tissues are reorganized or renovated) quickly turn on, letting dad get back his prepregnancy body fast enough to make any human mom jealous.

Live birth has evolved at least 150 times among vertebrates, and the gene activity changes in the big-belly seahorse are similar to ones in other species that give birth, including other fish, reptiles and mammals, the researchers note.

Last year, I visited Whittington in Sydney to talk about her work on platypus venom. She told me then that she was also studying the evolution of live birth. She was curious whether all of these animals that independently evolved live birth are using similar genetic pathways to get there. “Is there some set of genes that are particularly good for providing the functions of pregnancy?” she wondered.

Whittington and other scientists will need a lot more genetic data from species that become pregnant to determine just how similar we are. And only then will the researchers be able to tell the story of how this complex form of reproduction came about so many times in so many different critters.

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How a seahorse dad is like a pregnant woman | Science News (2024)

FAQs

How a seahorse dad is like a pregnant woman | Science News? ›

He might be an anomaly, but just like other male animals on planet Earth, male seahorses

seahorses
A seahorse (also written sea-horse and sea horse) is any of 46 species of small marine fish in the genus Hippocampus. "Hippocampus" comes from the Ancient Greek hippókampos (ἱππόκαμπος), itself from híppos (ἵππος) meaning "horse" and kámpos (κάμπος) meaning "sea monster" or "sea animal".
https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Seahorse
produce sperm instead of eggs. The female seahorse impregnates the male by inserting her eggs into a pouch on the front of his tail, into which he releases sperm to fertilize the eggs and incubate the babies for 24 days.

How does a seahorse dad give birth? ›

In seahorses and pipefish, it is the male that gets pregnant and gives birth. Seahorse fathers incubate their developing embryos in a pouch located on their tail. The pouch is the equivalent of the uterus of female mammals. It contains a placenta, supporting the growth and development of baby seahorses.

What is a seahorse dad meaning? ›

As a person who is openly a “seahorse” dad (a term used when referring to transgender men who carry their own children; in nature, it is the male seahorse who carries babies), I have quickly realized that the assumption for most of society (a lot of transgender people included), is that when transgender men transition, ...

How do we know male seahorses are male? ›

Sexing adult, fully mature seahorses in breeding condition is normally simple and straightforward — the males have a brood pouch slung under their abdomens at the base of their tails and the females do not.

When a male seahorse gets pregnant doesn't that make him a female? ›

Just because the eggs hatch and are cared for by him don't make him a female.. He produces spermatozoon to fertilize the females eggs.

Which animal male gives birth? ›

Seahorses and their close relatives, sea dragons, are the only species in which the male gets pregnant and gives birth. Male seahorses and sea dragons get pregnant and bear young—a unique adaptation in the animal kingdom.

Which animal has the most babies at once? ›

Common tenrecs have loads of babies

Firstly, they produce the most offspring of any mammal, having up to 30 babies at a time. Secondly, they have the most nipples of any species of mammal - a staggering 36 of them!

What does the seahorse symbolize? ›

Once seahorses wrap their tail around something, they will hardly give up. That's why seahorses are a great symbol of persistence and patience. Seahorses remind us of the importance of a support system or someone to rely on when the “waves” get too rough.

What is a seahorse mom? ›

Male Seahorses Get Pregnant and Give Birth

Instead of growing their babies inside a uterus like human moms do, seahorse dads carry their babies in a pouch. Their pouch provides oxygen and nutrients, as well as regulates temperature, blood flow, and salinity for the developing eggs.

What animal changes gender? ›

Animals that change sex

Often found nestled amid anemones in coral reefs, clownfish are instantly recognizable. But did you know that male clownfish can become female? Groups of clownfish are led by a female, while the second-in-command fish is male.

Do seahorse males give birth? ›

He might be an anomaly, but just like other male animals on planet Earth, male seahorses produce sperm instead of eggs. The female seahorse impregnates the male by inserting her eggs into a pouch on the front of his tail, into which he releases sperm to fertilize the eggs and incubate the babies for 24 days.

How many sexes do seahorses have? ›

Seahorses have two sexes. One has mobile gametes, the other gives live birth. I imagine that a biologist who discovered the seahorse would initially call the first "male" and the second "female".

Can a male seahorse turn into a female? ›

Seahorses are not one of those animals who change their sex. The female lays the eggs and the male carries the fertilized eggs on his back. They remain male and female.

Why do male seahorses give birth instead of female? ›

Why do male sea horses become pregnant? By passing the eggs to her mate, the female can invest her energies in producing more eggs immediately after transferring the previous batch – so almost as soon as the male gives birth he becomes pregnant again.

How many eggs does a male seahorse have? ›

A female seahorse places up to 2,000 eggs inside a pouch on the male's abdomen. The eggs grow there for two to four weeks. As the eggs develop, the father barely moves. After the eggs hatch, the babies stay in his pouch to grow and develop a little more.

How do male seahorses deliver babies? ›

During courtship, the male seahorse does a little situp-style dance, crunching and expanding his abdomen to let water into his brood pouch. He does the same thing when he goes into labor, pressing and relaxing his abdomen until his thousands of little babies spew forth.

Who carries baby seahorses mom or dad? ›

The male seahorse fertilized the eggs and is now a proud father, carrying anywhere from 5-2,000 babies in his pouch, depending on the species. In here, these offspring will get all the food and oxygen they need to develop.

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